Introduction
The June 2022 Supreme Court docket ruling within the case Dobbs v. Jackson Girls’s Well being Group has important implications for racial disparities in well being and well being care. The choice overturned the longstanding Constitutional proper to abortion and eradicated federal requirements on abortion entry that had been in place for almost 50 years in all states throughout the nation. On account of Dobbs, giant swaths of the nation lack abortion entry, with a disproportionate affect on these residing within the South and Midwest.
As of April 2024, 14 states have carried out abortion bans, 11 states have positioned gestational limits on abortion between 6 and 22 weeks, and 25 states and the District of Columbia present broader entry to abortions after 22 weeks gestation. (This displays Arizona being counted within the gestational limits class, as implementation of a not too long ago upheld Civil Conflict-era legislation banning almost all abortions within the state continues to be pending amid ongoing court docket actions.)
Pregnant ladies looking for abortion that reside in states that prohibit or prohibit abortions both should journey out of state or attempt to receive medicine abortion tablets through a telehealth appointment with an out-of-state clinician, however these choices should not accessible to everybody. Some ladies might flip to self-managed abortions, however some will be unable to acquire an abortion and should proceed a being pregnant they are not looking for. Moreover, there have been reviews of clinicians in states with bans and early gestational limits leaving their states as a result of restrictions and criminalization for care that they supply, doubtlessly exacerbating supplier shortages in some areas.
With these state-level restrictions in place, individuals of colour residing in these states might face disproportionately larger challenges accessing abortions resulting from longstanding underlying social and financial inequities, which might exacerbate present disparities in maternal and toddler well being. This evaluation examines the implications of state restrictions on abortion protection for racial disparities in entry to care and well being outcomes. It’s based mostly on KFF evaluation of information from the Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention (CDC), American Group Survey (ACS), Behavioral Danger Issue Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), and Survey of Family Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) (see Strategies). All through this transient we discuss with “ladies” however acknowledge that some people who’ve abortions don’t establish as ladies, together with transgender. Key takeaways embody the next:
- Black and American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) ladies ages 18-49 are extra doubtless than different teams to dwell in states with abortion bans and restrictions. About six in ten Black (60%) and AIAN (59%) ladies ages 18-49 dwelling in states with abortion bans or restrictions in contrast with simply over half (53%) of White, lower than half of Hispanic (45%), and about three in ten Asian (28%) and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NHPI) (29%) ladies ages 18-49.
- Many teams of ladies of colour have greater uninsured charges in comparison with their White counterparts, and, across racial and ethnic teams, uninsured charges are greater in states with abortion bans or restrictions than in those who present broader abortion entry. Amongst ladies ages 18-49, roughly a fifth of AIAN (22%) and Hispanic (21%) ladies are uninsured as are 14% of NHPI ladies and 11% of Black ladies in contrast with lower than one in ten (7%) of White ladies. Furthermore, uninsured charges for girls ages 18-49 are not less than twice as excessive in states that banned abortion in comparison with these in states with broader entry for White (10% vs. 5%), Hispanic (33% vs. 15%), Black (14% vs. 7%), and Asian (10% vs. 5%) ladies, and almost 3 times greater for NHPI ladies (29% vs. 10%).
- Girls of colour have extra restricted monetary sources and transportation choices than White ladies, making it tougher for them to journey out-of-state for an abortion. Some might also face linguistic limitations and have immigration-related fears that create further challenges to accessing abortions.
- The bans and restrictions on abortions might widen the already stark racial disparities in maternal well being, particularly since some states don’t explicitly have exceptions that enable abortion providers when being pregnant is jeopardizing a lady’s well being. The restrictions might also contribute to rising supplier shortages in some areas, as clinicians are responding to issues about criminalization and prohibited from providing the complete spectrum of being pregnant care. Furthermore, abortion restrictions might have destructive financial penalties on households and put pregnant individuals at elevated danger for criminalization.
Whereas there have been giant inequities in abortion entry for a few years, the Dobbs ruling opened the door to widening these variations additional. Black and AIAN ladies usually tend to dwell in states with abortion bans or restrictions. Whereas information on the affect of Dobbs thus far on well being outcomes is proscribed thus far, many indicators counsel that the ruling might exacerbate longstanding giant disparities in maternal and toddler well being. The difficulty additionally has moved to the forefront of coverage debates within the U.S. Sixteen % of ladies voters, rising to twenty-eight% of Black ladies voters, say abortion is the “most necessary situation” to their vote within the 2024 presidential election.
How do Abortion Charges Range by Race and Ethnicity?
Information on abortions by race and ethnicity are restricted. The federal Abortion Surveillance System from the CDC has been offering annual nationwide and state-level statistics on abortion for many years, based mostly on information that’s voluntarily reported by states, DC, and New York Metropolis. Whereas most states take part, one notable exception is California, which has many protections for abortion entry and is without doubt one of the most racially numerous states within the nation. Moreover, availability of information by race and ethnicity varies amongst states. The latest information within the Abortion Surveillance System, from 2021, solely consists of racial and ethnic information from 31 states and DC and is mostly solely obtainable for White, Black, and Hispanic ladies. Whereas we current the information from the Abortion Surveillance System on this transient, we acknowledge these limitations.
Previous to Dobbs, the abortion fee was greater amongst Black and Hispanic ladies in comparison with their White friends. As of 2021, the abortion fee was 28.6 per 1,000 ladies amongst Black ladies, in comparison with 12.3 per 1,000 amongst Hispanic ladies, and 6.4 per 1,000 amongst White ladies (Determine 1). Information for different racial and ethnic teams weren’t obtainable. The overwhelming majority of abortions throughout racial and ethnic teams are within the first trimester. Roughly eight in ten abortions amongst White (82%), Hispanic (82%), and Black ladies (80%) happen by 9 weeks of being pregnant. Whereas information on the variety of abortions post-Dobbs has been launched by each the #WeCount mission from the Society for Household Planning and the Guttmacher Institute’s Month-to-month Abortion Provision Research, neither units of information have reported demographic traits of abortion sufferers.
There are various the explanation why abortion charges are greater amongst some ladies of colour. As mentioned under, Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NHPI) ladies have extra restricted entry to well being care, which impacts their entry to contraception and different sexual well being providers which can be necessary for being pregnant planning. Information present that contraception use is greater amongst White ladies (69%) in comparison with Black (61%) and Hispanic (61%) ladies. Some ladies of colour dwell in areas with extra restricted entry to complete contraceptive choices. As well as, the well being care system has a protracted historical past of racist practices focusing on the sexual and reproductive well being of individuals of colour, together with compelled sterilization, medical experimentation, the systematic discount of midwifery, simply to call just a few. Many ladies of colour additionally report discrimination by suppliers, with reviews of dismissive remedy, assumption of stereotypes, and inattention to circumstances that take a disproportionate toll on ladies of colour and sure circumstances, reminiscent of uterine fibroids. These elements have contributed to medical distrust, which some ladies cite as a cause that they might not entry contraception. As well as, inequities throughout broader social and financial elements — reminiscent of earnings, housing, security and schooling—that drive well being, also known as social determinants of well being, have an effect on selections associated to household planning and reproductive well being.
How Do State Abortion Insurance policies Range Throughout Racial and Ethnic Teams?
General, 16.3 million or 25% of ladies ages 18-49 within the US dwell in one of many 14 states the place abortion is banned, and one other 16.9 million, or 26%, dwell in one of many 11 states with gestational limits between 6 and 22 weeks LMP. The remaining 32.8 million, or roughly 50%, dwell in states that present broader entry to abortions.
White, Black, and American Indian and Alaska Native ladies account for bigger shares of ladies ages 18-49 in states which have banned or restricted abortion entry in comparison with states that present broader entry to abortion. Many of the states which have banned or restricted abortion are within the South, the place greater than half of the Black inhabitants and roughly a 3rd of the White (36%) and AIAN (31%) inhabitants reside. In distinction, Hispanic and Asian ladies make up bigger shares of ladies ages 18-49 in states that present broader entry to abortion in comparison with states with abortion bans or limits. (See Appendix Desk B for the racial and ethnic distribution of ladies ages 18-49 by state).
Six in ten of Black (60%) and AIAN (59%) ladies ages 18-49 dwell in states with abortion bans or restrictions (Determine 3). Simply over half (53%) of White ladies ages 18-49 dwell in states with bans or restrictions, whereas lower than half of Hispanic (45%) and about three in ten Asian (28%) and NHPI (29%) ladies ages 18-49 dwell in these states. Of word, in April 2024, the Arizona State Supreme Court docket upheld a Civil Conflict period legislation banning almost all abortions within the state. Whereas that legislation shouldn’t be at the moment in impact, if it have been to enter impact sooner or later, the share of AIAN ladies dwelling in a state with an abortion ban would rise from about three in ten (31%) to about 4 in ten (41%), and the share of Hispanic ladies dwelling in a state with an abortion ban would improve from 24% to twenty-eight%.
How do potential limitations to accessing abortions differ by race and ethnicity?
Variation in abortion insurance policies by state as a result of Dobbs choice will doubtless end in ladies of colour going through disproportionate entry limitations since they face underlying disparities in well being protection and have extra restricted monetary sources which will make it difficult to acquire an abortion out-of-state or through telehealth.
Well being Protection
Lack of medical insurance limits ladies’s entry to a broad vary of well being providers, together with contraception and being pregnant care, and leaves them in danger for important out of pocket bills for care. Nevertheless, having protection doesn’t assure that it consists of abortion advantages. Usually protection of abortion is extra restricted than for a lot of different frequent well being providers. Some states prohibit protection of abortion in state-regulated personal insurance policy, and federal legislation bars the usage of federal {dollars} for abortion, together with in Medicaid, the nationwide well being protection program for low-income people.
AIAN, Hispanic, NHPI, and Black ladies between ages 18-49 have greater uninsured charges in comparison with their White counterparts. Amongst ladies on this age group, roughly a fifth of AIAN (22%) and Hispanic (21%) ladies are uninsured as are 14% of NHPI ladies and 11% of Black ladies. In distinction, lower than one in ten (7%) of White ladies lack insurance coverage (Determine 4). These variations in uninsured charges are pushed by decrease charges of personal protection amongst these teams. Medicaid protection helps to slim these variations however doesn’t absolutely offset them.
Throughout racial and ethnic teams, uninsured charges for girls ages 18-49 in states which have banned or restricted abortion are greater than charges in states the place abortion is on the market past 22 weeks. General, 16% of ladies ages 18-49 in states which have banned abortion are uninsured in comparison with 12% in states which have gestational limits on abortions lower than 22 weeks and eight% in states which have broader entry to abortions. Uninsured charges for girls ages 18-49 are not less than twice as excessive in states that banned abortion in comparison with these in states with broader entry for White (10% vs. 5%), Hispanic (33% vs. 15%), Black (14% vs. 7%), and Asian (10% vs. 5%) ladies, and almost 3 times greater for NHPI ladies (29% vs. 10%) (Determine 5). Nevertheless, even in states the place abortion shouldn’t be banned, many ladies do not need protection, and uninsured charges stay greater for AIAN, Hispanic, and NHPI ladies in comparison with White ladies.
AIAN, Black, NHPI, and Hispanic ladies are extra doubtless than their White counterparts to be coated by Medicaid, which supplies restricted protection for abortions. For many years, the Hyde Modification has prohibited the usage of federal funds for protection of abortion below Medicaid, besides in circumstances of rape, incest, or life endangerment for the pregnant particular person. States can select to make use of state funds to pay for abortions below Medicaid in different situations. Nevertheless, among the many 36 states that don’t ban abortion, 17 use state funds to pay for abortions past the Hyde limitations for Medicaid enrollees. The opposite 19 states and DC proceed to comply with the Hyde limits, which means ladies in these states coated by Medicaid doubtless should pay out of pocket for an abortion except they meet the slim circumstances of the Hyde Modification.
Social and Financial Entry Limitations
Girls of colour have extra restricted monetary sources and transportation choices than White ladies, making it tougher for them to journey out-of-state for an abortion. The median self-pay value of acquiring an abortion exceeded $500 in 2021, however prices can differ relying on the kind of abortion, location, and if a person has protection. Touring out of state raises the price of abortion resulting from added prices for transportation, lodging, and childcare. Furthermore, it might end in extra missed work, which means larger lack of pay. Information counsel that ladies of colour would have extra issue than White ladies affording these elevated prices and should face different limitations that would stop them from touring to acquire an abortion and as a substitute turning to self-managed abortions or persevering with the pregnancies.
General, AIAN (48%), Black (43%), NHPI (41%) and Hispanic (40%) ladies ages 18-49 are almost twice as doubtless as their White counterparts (24%) to have low incomes (under 200% of the federal poverty degree or $46,060 for a household of three as of 2022) (Determine 6). Furthermore, throughout most racial and ethnic teams, ladies in states which have banned abortion usually tend to have low incomes than ladies in states that enable abortions past 22 weeks. For instance, 48% of NHPI ladies in states which have banned abortion have low incomes in comparison with 38% of NHPI ladies in states the place abortion is on the market after 22 weeks gestation. (See Appendix Desk C for state-level information on the share of ladies who’re low-income by race and ethnicity.)
Over half of Hispanic (57%) and Black ladies (58%) ages 18-49 couldn’t cowl an emergency expense of not less than $500 utilizing their present financial savings in comparison with 36% of White ladies on this age group (Determine 7). (Information for this measure weren’t obtainable for different racial teams.) Girls who’ve fewer sources for an emergency expense could also be extra prone to search help from an abortion fund, which assist cowl the prices of abortions for individuals who can not afford them. Nevertheless, abortion funds should not in a position to sustain with the demand and assist all these looking for help.
Black ladies ages 18-49 are extra doubtless than their White counterparts to dwell in a family with out entry to a automobile (12% vs. 4%), and Asian and AIAN ladies on this age group are extra doubtless than White ladies to lack automobile entry (9% and eight%, respectively, vs. 4%) (Determine 8). Hispanic and NHPI ladies are additionally extra doubtless than White ladies to lack automobile entry, though the distinction is smaller (6% and 6%, respectively, vs 4%). Analysis reveals that out-of-state journey for abortion care has risen considerably since Dobbs, however ladies with out automobile entry might face larger challenges to touring out of state.
Immigration-related fears make some ladies reluctant to journey out of state for an abortion. Amongst ladies ages 18-49, about one-third of Asian ladies (33%) and roughly 1 / 4 of Hispanic (24%) and NHPI (22%) ladies are noncitizens, who embody lawfully current and undocumented immigrants (Determine 9). Many citizen ladies might also dwell in blended immigration standing households, which can embody noncitizen relations. Noncitizen ladies and people dwelling in blended immigration standing households might concern that touring out of state might put them or a member of the family in danger for destructive impacts on their immigration standing or detention or deportation, particularly in states which have moved to criminalize abortions. For instance, some states have enacted legal guidelines that make it unlawful to “assist or abet” somebody in acquiring an abortion whereas some try to make it unlawful to take a minor throughout state strains to acquire an abortion.
Variations in language limitations and entry to know-how might also contribute to racial disparities in abortion entry. Roughly 1 / 4 of Hispanic (26%) and Asian (25%) ladies ages 18-49 communicate English “lower than very properly,” as do one in ten NHPI ladies (10%) in comparison with simply 1% of White ladies (Determine 10). This will have an effect on their means to seek out details about abortions and find a clinic that provides abortion providers. In a nationwide KFF survey of ladies carried out simply earlier than the Dobbs ruling, almost three in ten Hispanic ladies (29%) mentioned in the event that they wanted an abortion, they didn’t know the place to go or discover the data, greater than different teams. Web entry is one other necessary issue for locating details about abortion care and likewise for telehealth appointments, which comprise a rising share of abortion care. Amongst ladies ages 18-49, 8% of AIAN and 6% of NHPI (6%) ladies dwell in a family with out web entry, in comparison with 2% of White ladies (Determine 10).
What are the Potential Implications of Abortion Restrictions on Racial Disparities in Well being, Funds, and Legal Penalties?
Stark racial disparities in maternal and toddler well being predate the Dobbs choice however might widen as a result of new restrictions on abortions since abortion providers generally is a key consider managing being pregnant issues and emergencies that may result in poor outcomes. Information counsel that the abortion restrictions might also contribute to rising supplier shortages in some areas, which can improve entry challenges and have destructive impacts on well being. Furthermore, abortion restrictions might have destructive financial penalties on households and put individuals at elevated danger for criminalization.
Maternal Well being
Previous to the Dobbs ruling there have been already important racial disparities in pregnancy-related and toddler mortality, which can widen resulting from abortion restrictions. NHPI, Black and AIAN individuals are extra prone to die whereas pregnant or inside a yr of the tip of being pregnant in comparison with White individuals (62.8, 39.9 and 32.0 per 100,000 births vs. 14.1 per 100,000 births) (Determine 11). Restrictions on entry to abortions restrict choices to terminate pregnancies for medical causes. Whereas all state bans have some restricted exceptions to protect the lifetime of pregnant ladies, the language of those exceptions is imprecise and slim, and much fewer have well being exceptions. Which means some individuals have been compelled to stay pregnant even when the being pregnant is threatening their well being, which might additional widen disparities. One examine estimated {that a} complete abortion ban within the U.S. would improve the variety of pregnancy-related deaths by 21% for all ladies and 33% amongst Black ladies.
There are also racial disparities in sure beginning dangers and adversarial beginning outcomes which can be exacerbated by the abortion restrictions. Particularly, as of 2022, greater shares of births to Hispanic, Black, AIAN and NHPI individuals have been amongst those that obtained late or no prenatal care, or have been preterm, or low birthweight, in comparison with White individuals (Determine 12). Well timed prenatal care is especially necessary for individuals with higher-risk pregnancies, but analysis means that restrictive abortion insurance policies could also be inflicting individuals to begin prenatal care later in being pregnant, which is already a priority for girls of colour who usually tend to expertise delays in prenatal care initiation. Births amongst Asian individuals have been additionally extra prone to be low birthweight than these of White individuals. Furthermore, whereas the beginning fee amongst teenagers has been declining over time for all teams, the speed for Black, Hispanic, AIAN, and NHPI teenagers was over two occasions greater than the speed amongst White and Asian teenagers in 2021 (Determine 13). Analysis has additionally discovered that state-level abortion restrictions that have been in place previous to Dobbs have been related to disproportionately greater charges of adversarial beginning outcomes, together with preterm beginning, for Black people, and that inequities widened as states grew to become extra restrictive.
Abortion bans and restrictions restrict take care of individuals experiencing a being pregnant loss, which some teams of ladies of colour are at greater danger of experiencing in comparison with their White counterparts. Being pregnant loss, which incorporates miscarriage and stillbirth, is frequent, occurring in as much as an estimated 20% of all pregnancies. Information on racial and ethnic disparities in miscarriage is proscribed, however analysis reveals that the charges of fetal mortality (fetal demise following 20 weeks of gestation) are greater amongst Black, AIAN, and NHPI ladies in comparison with White ladies (Determine 14). Whereas some miscarriages, notably earlier in being pregnant, go with none medical intervention, some individuals search medical care to finish a miscarriage and/or as a result of their well being might worsen with the continuation of an unviable being pregnant. Nearly all medicines and procedures used to handle miscarriages and stillbirths are equivalent to these utilized in abortions. In consequence, clinicians might hesitate to offer care even when medically indicated due to issues they could possibly be conflated with offering an abortion and due to this fact danger criminalization or penalties in consequence. For the reason that Dobbs ruling, there have been a number of high-profile circumstances of individuals experiencing being pregnant losses who couldn’t receive well timed miscarriage care resulting from state abortion bans, jeopardizing their well being in consequence. In KFF’s nationwide survey of OBGYNs after the Dobbs choice, greater than half (55%) of OBGYNs working towards in states the place abortion is banned mentioned their means to apply inside the usual of care has worsened since Dobbs.
In states the place abortion is banned or severely restricted, the variety of ladies compelled to proceed a being pregnant is prone to rise, with information suggesting disproportionate will increase amongst ladies of colour. Whereas it’s comparatively early to see the affect of the Dobbs ruling on births, preliminary analysis means that beginning charges might improve in consequence. One examine thus far has estimated that there have been roughly 32,000 “further” births because of the ruling, primarily concentrated in states which have banned abortions and with a disproportionate impact amongst individuals of colour. A examine in Texas, which had carried out a ban on abortions after six weeks gestation beginning September 2021 (previous to Dobbs), discovered a 2% rise within the state’s fertility fee after the legislation’s implementation, with the sharpest improve amongst Hispanic ladies (8%).
Supplier Entry and Shortages
The Dobbs choice might exacerbate well being care workforce shortages, notably amongst clinicians offering obstetric and gynecologic care. State-level abortion bans criminalize clinicians who present abortion care, and this has cascading results on different points of maternity care. Even previous to Dobbs, there have been issues about workforce shortages in maternity care. The estimates that greater than 5 million ladies of reproductive age within the U.S. dwell in counties which have few or no obstetric suppliers, with the biggest gaps in rural communities in addition to areas with greater charges of poverty, and bigger shares of Black ladies. Many of those areas are in states with abortion bans and gestational restrictions, and there are reviews of clinicians leaving these states as a result of they’re prohibited from and criminalized for providing the complete scope of providers they educated for and that comport with medical requirements. Abortion restrictions might also have an effect on the pipeline of latest clinicians. A couple of research thus far, have discovered declines in US medical faculty graduates making use of to OBGYN residency positions in states with abortion bans. Whereas all positions have been crammed and the adjustments thus far have been comparatively small, they may counsel that future clinicians might want to not apply in states that ban abortion, doubtlessly widening present gaps in workforce capability.
Many OBGYNs say that the Dobbs choice has had a destructive affect on racial and ethnic inequities and the broader discipline of maternity care. In a nationwide KFF survey, seven in ten OBGYNs say that because the Dobbs choice, racial and ethnic inequities in maternal well being (70%) in addition to administration of pregnancy-related medical emergencies (68%) have gotten worse. Over half assume that the flexibility to draw new OBGYNs to the career has worsened (55%) and 64% assume the identical about pregnancy-related mortality (Determine 15).
Financial Circumstances
Denying ladies entry to abortion providers has destructive financial penalties. Many ladies who should not in a position to receive abortions can have kids that they hadn’t deliberate for and face the related prices of elevating a toddler. Along with the direct prices, lack of abortion entry can have an effect on ladies’s longer-term instructional and profession alternatives. Analysis from the Turnaway Research, which examined the affect of an undesirable being pregnant on ladies’s lives, discovered a spread of destructive financial results of abortion denials, together with greater poverty charges, monetary debt, and poorer credit score scores amongst ladies who weren’t in a position to receive abortions in comparison with ladies who obtained abortions. The examine additionally discovered destructive socioeconomic impacts for the youngsters born to ladies who have been denied abortions, which can exacerbate present racial disparities in earnings. Poverty charges are already a lot greater amongst kids of colour than White kids, and analysis reveals kids in households with decrease incomes expertise destructive long-term outcomes, together with decrease earnings and earnings, elevated use of public help, larger chance of committing crimes, and extra well being issues.
Criminalization
Individuals of colour could also be at elevated danger for criminalization within the post-Roe surroundings. An extended historical past of racism in judicial coverage on this nation has led to disproportionately greater charges of criminalization amongst individuals of colour and is prone to develop as abortion care is criminalized. Previous to the Dobbs ruling, there have been already circumstances of ladies criminalized for their very own miscarriages, stillbirths, or toddler loss of life, due partly to the institution of legal guidelines that defend and prioritize “fetal personhood.” The ladies charged have been disproportionately ladies with decrease incomes, Black ladies, and ladies dwelling in southern states which have subsequently banned or enormously restricted abortion entry. Not one of the state-level abortion bans particularly criminalize ladies for getting an abortion, however fetal personhood legal guidelines can conflate miscarriage and abortion. For instance, in a single high-profile case, Brittany Watts is an Ohio girl who confronted prison prices after she had a miscarriage at dwelling in Fall 2023. Whereas Ms. Watts sought medical care, different pregnant individuals experiencing a miscarriage or different issues could also be deterred from looking for care, since remedy could possibly be conflated with an abortion, placing their very own well being in danger in consequence. Moreover, many accusations of fetal hurt are initiated by well being care suppliers. State legal guidelines that penalize individuals who assist and abet abortion entry and those who grant fetal personhood can perpetuate the tradition of criminalizing being pregnant, notably amongst communities of colour.
Strategies |
This evaluation makes use of information from a number of sources together with the 2022 American Group Survey, the 2022 Behavioral Danger Issue Surveillance System, the 2022 Survey of Family Economics and Decisionmaking, in addition to from a number of on-line reviews and databases together with the Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) on abortion surveillance, Nationwide Very important Statistics Reviews, the 2017 CDC Natality Public Use File, and the CDC WONDER on-line database. Until in any other case famous, race/ethnicity was categorized by non-Hispanic White (White), non-Hispanic Black (Black), Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), non-Hispanic Asian (Asian), and non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NHPI).
On this evaluation, states are grouped into three classes of abortion insurance policies based mostly on insurance policies carried out as of April 2024 as follows:
This evaluation makes use of 2022 inhabitants information however classes for state abortion standing are based mostly on 2024 coverage. In 2022, Wisconsin’s pre-Roe abortion ban was in impact and Indiana’s 22-week LMP ban was in impact. Information on the share of ladies ages 18-49 who couldn’t cowl a $500 emergency expense utilizing present financial savings is from the 2022 Survey of Family Economics and Decisionmaking and is outlined as largest emergency expense people might deal with proper now utilizing solely financial savings. |